ODLIS — Online Dictionary for Library and Information Science by Joan M. Reitz Now available in print! Order a copy of the hardcover or paperback from Libraries Unlimited.

G

Gale Group

See: Thomson Gale.

galley

In printing, a long, narrow tray open at one end into which assembled lines of type are transferred by the compositor from a manual composing stick, or from a typesetting machine, to await make-up into pages. Galleys were originally about 10 x 6 inches in size and made of wood, but in the early 19th century, metal trays came into use and their length was extended to about 22 inches to accommodate several pages of type. Also used as a shortened form of galley proof.

galley proof

An impression taken from type composed in long columns, arranged in trays called galleys, before it has been made up into pages, to allow the author and proofreader to inspect the text and make any corrections before the work goes to press. Although galley proofs usually do not include illustrations and indexes, reviews may be written from them. Synonymous with galleys and slip proof.

galleys

See: galley proof.

game

A single physical item or set of materials designed for recreational or instructional play according to a prescribed or implicit set of rules (AACR2), usually stored in a container to keep the pieces together. The category includes puzzles and simulations. Games are usually stored in the curriculum room or children's room of a library. Examples can be seen in the online exhibition Pastimes and Paradigms: Games We Play (Cornell University Library). Compare with kit. See also: activity card and toy.

gangster film

A motion picture with a dramatic storyline that features characters and settings in the violent world of organized crime, often appropriately titled (example: Scarface [1932] directed by Howard Hawks). The first major sound film in the genre was Little Caesar (1930) starring Edgar G. Robinson, directed by Mervyn LeRoy. The Godfather trilogy with Marlon Brando is probably the best-known example of this genre. Synonymous with gangster movie.

gap

A set of issues or entire volumes missing from a library's holdings of a serial title. This can occur when a subscription is canceled and later resumed or when items are lost or stolen. Most libraries try to fill gaps in periodical subscriptions with microfilm or microfiche, or by relying on the services of a back issues dealer, when online full-text is not available. Compare with nongap break.

Garfield, Eugene (1925- )

Born in New York City, Eugene Garfield earned a B.S. in Chemistry from Columbia University in 1949. His career in scientific communication and information science began in 1951 when he joined the Welch Medical Indexing Project at Johns Hopkins University. After receiving an M.S. in Library Science from Columbia in 1954, he founded his own company, Eugene Garfield Associates, and began work on what was to become Current Contents while studying for a Ph.D. in Structural Linguistics from the University of Pennsylvania (1961). Having produced Genetics Citation Index with funding from the National Institutes of Health, Garfield expanded his scope to produce the multidisciplinary Science Citation Index, published in 1964 by the Institute for Scientific Information, the name his firm assumed in 1960. The success of Current Contents and Science Citation Index made ISI a major information company, but Garfield's greatest achievement is his development of the concept of citation indexing, which has given generations of researchers access to current bibliographical information and facilitated quantitative analysis in the study of scholarly communication. Garfield is currently Editor-in-Chief of The Scientist, a biweekly professional newsmagazine he founded. Click here for more information about Garfield's career.

garland

A type of anthology containing a collection of prose extracts or short literary compositions, usually ballads or poems (example: A Little Garland of Celtic Verse published in 1905 by T.B. Mosher).

gate count

The number of times a mechanical counting device, located at the entrance to or exit from a library, is automatically activated whenever a person enters or leaves during a designated period of time (day, week, month, year), an important measure of library use. In most facilities, the counter is located near, attached to, or part of the security gate. Totals are recorded at regular intervals, usually by the staff at the circulation desk. Gate counts provide statistical information on traffic patterns, helpful in establishing library hours and anticipating staffing needs. Synonymous with door count.

gatefold

An illustration, map, or other insert, larger than the volume in which it is bound, that must be unfolded horizontally to the left or right to be fully viewed. Also, a method of folding a sheet of paper into three sections in which the two ends are folded toward each other over the center, like a triptych, used in advertising, performance programs, restaurant menus, etc.

gateway

Computer software that allows the user to access data stored on a host computer via a network. Also refers to the hardware device that interconnects two separate networks, providing a pathway for the transfer of data and any protocol conversion required, for example, between the messaging protocols of two different e-mail systems.

gathering

In binding, the process of assembling and arranging in correct sequence the folded sections of a book prior to sewing them through the back fold or milling the clamped back folds preparatory to gluing the sections to the cover in adhesive binding. Signature marks are used by the binder to ensure that the sections are gathered in correct sequence.

In medieval manuscripts, a gathering (called a quire) consisted of one or more parchment or vellum bifolia (usually four) nested inside each other, hair side facing hair side and flesh side facing flesh side, sewn through the back fold to leather or hemp cords that attached the book block to the boards. The unit of work in medieval scriptoria was usually the gathering--a change of scribe can sometimes be detected from one quire to the next. In modern binding, a gathering consists of a single sheet, or several sheets, of paper folded to form a single group of leaves in a book or other printed publication. Used synonymously with signature in bibliography.

gauffered edges

A small wavy or crimped repeating pattern impressed as decoration on the gilt edges of a book by the use of heated finishing tools called gauffering irons, popular on ornamental bindings of the late 15th to 17th centuries. The designs were sometimes built up through repeated impressions. Click here to see an elaborate Renaissance example (Saxon State Library), and here to see two 19th-century examples (Otto G. Richter Library, University of Miami, Florida). When the technique is combined with edge painting, the results can be very elegant (see this example, courtesy of the Princeton University Library). Also spelled goffered edges. Synonymous with chased edges.

gauffering

See: gauffered edges.

gauge

The width of motion picture film, measured from edge to edge in millimeters, the most common gauges in American film collections being 35mm, 16mm, and 8mm. Pathé introduced 28mm in 1912 and 9.5mm in 1922, but they did not survive the standardization brought by Kodak. Different widths have historically been manufactured for different markets, and each gauge has its own family of associated equipment and supplies. Because small-gauge film is less expensive to use, 16mm and 8mm have been more attractive to amateurs and educational filmmakers. Since it was first introduced in the 1890s, 35mm has been the standard gauge for the commercial motion picture industry. The wider the gauge, the greater the frame area and the crisper the image. This is the reason images on 70mm IMAX film appear to be sharper than those on standard 35mm film. In AACR2, film gauge is indicated in the physical description area of the bibliographic record (example: 1 film cassette (19 min.) : sd., col. ; standard 8 mm.). Click here to learn more about the history of film gauges. Compare with film format.

gauze

See: crash.

Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgendered Round Table (GLBTRT)

Founded in 1970 as the Task Force on Gay Liberation of the American Library Association (ALA), GLBTRT is a permanent round table that serves as an advocate for gays, lesbians, and bisexuals employed in libraries and for the inclusion of materials on gay, lesbian, and bisexual issues in library collections. GLBTRT hosts the electronic mailing list GLBTRT-L, sponsors annual literary awards in fiction and nonfiction, and publishes the quarterly GLBTRT Newsletter. Click here to connect to the GLBTRT homepage. See also: Lambda Book Report.

Gaylord

A library supplier that provides office and library supplies, furniture, security systems, and automation software to libraries, schools, and other educational institutions largely through its trade catalog. Click here to connect to the Gaylord homepage. See also: Brodart, DEMCO, and Highsmith.

gazette

A news sheet in which current events, legal notices, public appointments, etc., are recorded on a regular basis. Formerly, a journal devoted to current news. Also, a journal officially issued by a government, particularly in Great Britain. The word is derived from the name of an Italian coin that was equivalent at one point in time to the price of a news sheet.

gazetteer

A separately published dictionary of geographic names that gives the location of each entry (example: The Columbia Gazetteer of the World). Also, an index of the names of the places and geographic features shown on the maps contained in an atlas, usually printed in a separate section following the maps, with locations indicated by page number (or map number) and grid coordinates. Some gazetteers include information about major geographic features such as rivers, lakes, mountains, cities, etc. (see the Imperial Gazetteer of India published by Clarendon Press in 24 volumes from 1908-1931). Click here to connect to the online U.S. Gazetteer provided by the U.S. Census Bureau, or try the international Alexandria Digital Library Gazetteer. Abbreviated gaz.

Also refers to person who writes or publishes a news sheet called a gazette.

GBW

See: Guild of Book Workers.

g.e.

See: gilt edges.

gelatin print

See: gelatin silver print.

gelatin silver print

The result of a photographic process in which a negative is printed on a sheet of paper or other support coated with an emulsion of gelatin (an animal protein) containing light-sensitive silver salts. After brief exposure to the negative, the paper is immersed in a chemical solution that allows the latent image to develop. Invented in 1873 by Peter Mawdsley, gelatin silver papers were commercially available by 1885. Within a decade, prints made on gelatin papers superseded the earlier albumen print because they were more stable, did not yellow, and were easier to produce. Glossy, matte, or textured, gelatin prints are the standard medium in modern black and white photography. Click here to see a selection of early gelatin silver prints from the Victoria & Albert Museum and here to see examples from the Getty Museum.

gem photograph

A very small tintype, usually a portrait, about 1/2 x 1 inch in size for mounting in jewelry or in a carte-de-visite size cardboard holder designed to be inserted into a Victorian carte-de-visite photograph album, popular from the mid-1860s until about 1880 (see this example).

genealogical table

A diagram, usually in the form of an inverted tree, with branches showing the lineage of a person or group of persons who share a common ancestor, sometimes printed on the endpapers of biographical or historical works, particularly those concerning the reigns of sovereigns or the lives of titled nobility. Click here to see examples, courtesy of Tudorhistory.org.

genealogy

The study of the descent from a common ancestor (or ancestors) of a specific individual, family, or group of persons. Genealogical research often requires the use of archival materials. Genealogical resources are increasingly available in digital form (examples: US GenWeb Archives and Ancestry.com). For tips on providing library services to genealogists, see Librarians Serving Genealogists (LSG), a Web site maintained by Drew Smith, University of South Florida, Tampa. See also: National Genealogical Society.

Also refers to an enumeration of ancestors and their descendants in natural order of succession, usually in the form of a family tree. See this 16th-century manuscript Genealogy of Queen Elizabeth I (British Library, King's 396) and also The Fa(u)lkner Family Tree courtesy of John B. Padgett. In works of history and biography, genealogical tables are sometimes printed on the endpapers or at the beginning of the text.

general encyclopedia

An encyclopedia that provides basic information on a broad range of subjects but treats no single subject in depth (example: Encyclopedia Americana), as distinct from a subject encyclopedia that provides greater depth of coverage within a more limited scope (example: Encyclopedia of 20th Century American Humor).

generalia

Works that cannot be assigned to a particular class on the basis of subject, theme, or treatment because their nonspecialized or diverse nature defies specific classification, for example, general encyclopedias and world almanacs. In library classification and bibliography, a separate category is reserved for general works, usually appearing at the beginning of the schedule or list. In Dewey Decimal Classification, general works are classified 0XX with X in the range of 0-9; in Library of Congress Classification, they are classified in the As. Synonymous with generalities.

general interest magazine

A magazine of interest to a wide audience (examples: Reader's Digest and The Saturday Evening Post). Most public libraries make an effort to subscribe to the most popular general interest magazines but are more selective in subscribing to special interest magazines. Compare with newsmagazine.

general material designation (GMD)

An optional term added in square brackets to the bibliographic description of a nonbook item following the title proper to indicate type of material (example: [videorecording]). Separate lists of general material designations are provided in AACR2 for British and North American libraries. In some categories, the British list is more general (object includes diorama, game, microscope slide, model, and realia). The Library of Congress does not include the GMD in catalog records for manuscripts, maps, music, and textual works. Compare with material type. See also: specific material designation.

generation

In reprography, the degree to which a copy is removed from the original document. In microfilm, the master negative developed from film taken of the original image is first-generation, print masters made from the master negative are second-generation, and service copies made from a print master for use in libraries are third-generation. Sharpness of image usually declines with each succeeding generation.

generic relation

See: semantic relation.

genre

A type, class, or style of literature, music, film, or art. Genre criticism originated with Aristotle, who divided literature into three basic categories: dramatic, epic, and lyric. Today, literary works are classified by form (novel, short story, poetry, drama, etc.), by theme (adventure, fantasy, horror, mystery, romance, science fiction, western, etc.), and less often by subject (carpe diem poem). In modern genre fiction, plot is the driving force, leading literary critics to dismiss such works as formulaic. Click here to learn more about fiction genres, courtesy of Genreflecting. See also: subgenre.

Also, a representational painting in which the subject is a person (as in a portrait), an object (as in a still-life), or a scene from daily life, rather than a theme derived from history, mythology, imagination, etc. By extension, a genre piece is a work that has as its subject people and incidents from everyday life.

geographic area code

A standardized code, 1-7 characters in length, consisting of lowercase letters of the English alphabet and embedded or trailing hyphens, used in library cataloging to allow places reflected in the subject headings assigned to a bibliographic item to be designated by codes in the MARC record representing the item. Over 500 discrete codes have been established to indicate countries, first order political divisions of some countries, regions, geographic features, outer space, and celestial bodies (examples: e-ic for Iceland, n-us-hi for the state of Hawaii, ag for Mekong River, and x for Earth). Click here to connect to an alphabetic list of geographic area codes, courtesy of the Library of Congress.

geographic index

An index in which the entries are listed by their geographic location (city, state, country, etc.). Also refers to an index that lists the geographic locations mentioned in the text of a document. Synonymous with place index. See also: gazetteer.

geographic information system (GIS)

A computer-based system consisting of hardware, software, geographic information, and personnel designed to facilitate the efficient capture, storage, maintenance, manipulation, analysis, and display of spatially distributed data, providing an automated link between the data and its location in space, usually in relation to a system of coordinates (latitude, longitude, elevation or depth, etc.). The data can be on any scale, from microscopic to global.

A GIS differs from a map in being a digital, rather than an analog, representation. Each spatial feature is stored as a separate layer of data that can be easily altered using techniques of quantitative analysis. Any category of information that has a geographic component can be mapped in a GIS, allowing thematic maps to be constructed from layers of data representing traditional cartographic information and from data sets supplied from other sources (census data, health statistics, economic data, law enforcement statistics, etc.). Also, a map can be either input or output in a GIS, but the output may also be one or more data sets. In the plural, the term refers to the field within the earth sciences devoted to the study of computer-based systems for the analysis of spatial data. GIS technology is used in scientific research, resource management, development planning, and military defense. The Public Library Geographic Database (PLGDB) is an example of a geographic information system. Click here to learn more about geographic information systems, courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey. Compare with spatial information system. See also: computer-generated map.

geographic name

The name most commonly used to identify a specific geographic location, feature, or area, preferred by catalogers in establishing the correct form of entry, not necessarily the same as the political name (example: France instead of République française). Click here to connect to Geographic Names and the World Wide Web, a Web page hosted by the Cataloging Policy & Support Office of the Library of Congress. See also the Geographic Names Information Server (GNIS) developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the GEOnet Names Server (GNS) provided by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA). Synonymous with place name. Compare with corporate name and personal name. See also: country code and Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names.

geographic subdivision

In library classification, the division of a class by geographic area (region, country, state, city, etc.). For example, in Library of Congress Classification, the division of the class P (Literature) into PR (English literature), PS (American literature), etc. Also, the extension of an existing subject heading by the addition of a subheading indicating the geographic area to which treatment of the topic is limited (example: Libraries--United States). A geographic subdivision may designate where something is located or where it is from, depending on the subject. In the Library of Congress Subject Headings list, the option to subdivide geographically is indicated by the note (May Subd Geog) or (Not Subd Geog). Synonymous with local subdivision and place subdivision.

geological survey

An organization that prepares and publishes maps, charts, and other cartographic materials concerning the geography of a specific nation and its territories, usually with government approval or sponsorship (examples: U.S. Geological Survey, British Geological Survey, Geological Survey of Canada). In libraries without a separate map section, publications of the USGS may be shelved with the government documents collection. Also refers to the activity of gathering data for the production of cartographic materials and for geological research.

geologic column

A composite diagram showing, in vertical sequence, the geologic strata underlying a given location or area of the earth's surface, usually color-coded when printed as an index on a geologic map, with the names of the various rock formations indicated along one side of the column. Click here to see examples on a series of geologic maps of Great Britain, courtesy of the School of Ocean and Earth Science, Southampton University, and here to see examples detailing a geologic cross section. Geologic columns often appear in conjunction with a geologic time scale (see this example). Also refers to the sequence of strata shown in such a diagram. Synonymous with geologic section and stratigraphic column.

geologic map

A map showing the distribution of the types of rock and sediment lying at or beneath the surface of a specific region, usually by means of color, shading, and/or printed symbols. Major fault lines, landslides, mineral deposits, fossils, and the age of rock formations may also be indicated. For historic reasons, two standards have been followed in the colors used to represent specific rock types on geologic maps, American and International, but they are similar. The Federal Geographic Data Committee is developing a Digital Cartographic Standard for Geologic Map Symbolization that will include color. Click here to view a geologic map of Texas and here to see a second example covering a quadrangle in Maine. About.com provides a tutorial on Reading Geologic Maps and State Geologic Maps of All 50 States. To see other examples, try a keywords search on the term "geologic map" in Google Image Search. The U.S. Geological Survey manages the National Geologic Map Database (NGMDB). See also: geologic column, isopach map, and tectonic map.

geologic time scale

A chronological arrangement of events in geologic history, usually presented in the form of a vertical chart with the event earliest in time at the bottom and the latest at the top (click here and here to see examples). Click here to see a geologic time scale in the form of a spiral, and here to see an example for a specific geographic area (the Mojave Desert). To see other examples, try a keywords search on the term "geologic time scale" in Google Image Search. Geologic time scales are often used in conjunction with geologic columns (see this example).

geospatial data

Information that identifies the geographic location and describes or depicts the physical properties of the earth's natural and/or man-made features. Derived from surveying, mapping, remote sensing, and other technologies, geospatial data is a subset of spatial data. Click here to connect to the homepage of the U.S. Geological Survey node of the National Geospatial Data Clearinghouse.

German Library Association

See: Deutscher Bibliotheksverband e.V.

gesso

A water-based preparation made from slaked plaster of Paris, white lead, and bole (soft greasy red or yellow clay), used in medieval manuscript illumination as a flexible ground for raised gilding. Gesso was laid down in layers to build up the portions of an underdrawing to which metallic leaf was later applied. Because of its color, it could easily be seen by the gilder and imparts a warm pinky glow to pages from which the gilding has begun to wear away, as on this miniature in a 13th-century German psalter (Morgan Library, MS M.280). See also: bole.

Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (TGN)

A searchable database of controlled vocabulary, containing over 1 million names and other details concerning places, maintained on the Internet by the Getty Research Institute in Los Angeles, California. Although the terms are not linked to maps, latitude and longitude are given in each entry, with the place name's position in a hierarchy of geographic names. Click here to connect to TGN Online.

ghost

A work or edition of a work recorded in bibliographies, catalogs, or other sources, of whose actual existence there is no conclusive evidence. A 20th-century example is a book titled Poetics supposedly written by the poet and literary critic John Crowe Ransom. Announced in 1942 by the publisher New Directions, it was never published but found its way into Cumulative Book Index and was cited in a biographical essay in Contemporary Authors in 1962 and in the Dictionary of Literary Biography in 1986. Synonymous with bibliographical ghost.

ghost writer

A person who writes or prepares a work for, and in the name of, another person who may be famous but is usually not a writer by profession (see this example). Autobiographies and memoirs are often written in this way. Although a ghost writer normally receives compensation for services rendered, sometimes even a share of royalties, the writer's name may or may not be listed as joint author on the title page. Also spelled ghostwriter.

giant bible

See: Atlantic bible.

giclée print

From the French gicler meaning "to spray" or "to squirt." In giclée printing, a photograph or original work of art is digitally scanned at high resolution and the resulting digital image is printed on a high-end 8- to 12-color ink-jet printer (Canon, Epson, Hewlett-Packard, MacDermid Colorspan, Roland, etc.) using archival quality inks on a suitable substrate (canvas, fine art or photo-base paper, etc.). The process provides more accurate color than most other means of reproduction, including traditional gelatin silver photographic printing processes, and allows artists to reproduce their work as needed or on-demand, at reasonable cost by eliminating the prohibitive up-front costs of mass production. Unlike negatives and film, archived digital files do not deteriorate in quality over time, and the digital image can be reproduced to almost any size on various media, permitting the artist to customize the print for a specific client. Click here to see examples and here or here to learn more about the process.

GIF

An acronym for Graphics Interchange Format, one of the two most commonly used file formats for storing graphic images displayed on the World Wide Web (others being JPEG and TIFF). An algorithm developed by Unisys, GIF is protected by patent, but in practice the company has not required users to obtain a license. The most recent version of GIF supports color, animation, and data compression. Pronounced jiff or giff (with a hard g).

gift

One or more books or other items donated to a library, usually by an individual but sometimes by a group, organization, estate, or other library. In academic libraries, desk copies and review copies are sometimes received as gifts from members of the teaching faculty. Most gifts of materials are unsolicited and arrive unexpectedly, but gift collections may also be solicited by the library. Donated items are usually evaluated in accordance with the library's collection development policy and either added to the collection or disposed of, usually in a book sale or exchange with another library. Click here to see a miniature of Dirk II, Count of Holland, and his wife bestowing a 9th-century Gospel book on the Abbey of Egmond, courtesy of the Koninklijke Bibliotheek. Compare with donation. See also: gift book program.

gift binding

A leather binding produced for presentation by someone other than the author (click here to see a 17th-century example in black morocco, courtesy of St. Johns College, Cambridge University). Also refers to copies of an edition which are specially bound at the publisher's order for the gift market, especially at Christmas time.

gift book

An elaborately printed, expensively illustrated, ornately bound book of poetry or prose, usually published annually, popular as a gift item during the early part of the 19th century. Also known as a keepsake. Click here and here to view examples, courtesy of the Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Columbia University.

In modern usage, a book purchased as a gift for another person (or persons). Coffee table books are often purchased for this purpose. Also spelled giftbook.

gift book program

A formal library program allowing users to purchase items for the library collection in memory of a deceased person or in honor of a special occasion for a loved one (birthday, anniversary, etc.), with selections usually made by the library. Some programs offer a memorial bookplate and may give the honoree the privilege of "first read" (see this example at a public library). Click here to see an example at an academic library.

gift collection

The donation to a library of a significant volume of materials, usually about a specific subject or person, in a particular genre, of a certain format, etc., assembled by one or more persons based on personal interests. Such gifts may be unsolicited or solicited by the library. When the collection contains rare and valuable items, the donor(s) may be honored by the library at a special reception or in other ways. The materials may be housed separately, given special honorary bookplates, or distinguished by some other method. If the collection is archival, the donor may specify restrictions on use. Recent examples include the donation in 2003 by Edwin and Terry Murray of over 55,000 comic books and thousands of fanzines to the Duke University Rare Book, Manuscript, and Special Collections Library, giving it one of the largest archival comics collections in the United States, and the donation in 2002 of a portion the Hatch/Billops Collection to an African-American studies archive at Emory University.

gift shop

A small store on the premises of a library, offering books and specialty items connected with books, libraries, and reading for sale to benefit the library, often operated by a Friends of the Library group. Some have created Web sites that allow customers to shop via the Internet, for example, the Library of Congress Shop and the Library Shop at the New York Public Library.

gigabyte (GB)

See: byte.

GIGO

In computing, an initialism that stands for "garbage in, garbage out," a slang expression for the axiom that the quality of output a user receives from a computer is directly proportional to the quality of the input submitted.

gilding

The application of gold or silver to a surface as decoration and/or protection. Three methods were used in medieval manuscripts to gild initial letters (Koninklijke Bibliotheek), decorative borders (Cary Collection), and miniatures (Getty Museum, MS 65). In flat gilding, a thin adhesive such as glair was applied to the underdrawing and the leaf laid on. Flat gilding can be left antique or burnished to a shimmering brightness. In raised gilding, gesso was built up in layers to make the burnished surface appear three-dimensional (see the effect on a historiated initial in the Wenceslaus Psalter, Getty, MS Ludwig VIII 4). Gold was always the first color applied to an underdrawing, as in this example (British Library, Arundel 439). Ink made from powdered gold mixed with a binding medium (called shell gold) was used for detail work and in chrysography. Unlike silver, gold never tarnishes. Click here to learn more about the process of gilding, courtesy of The IlluminatedPage.

Gilding was used in illuminated manuscripts as a background (Getty, MS Ludwig I 8); to depict crowns and other metallic objects (Getty, MS 1); to show light not visible to normal sight, such as halos (Getty, MS 1) and other forms of radiance (Leaves of Gold); on drapery to give the impression of opulence (Getty, MS 6); and as highlighting on decorative elements (Burnet Psalter, University of Aberdeen, AUL MS 25). Click here to see gilding used in a variety of ways in the Gotha Missal (Cleveland Museum of Art) and here to see a rare example of text stamped on a gilt background in a 13th-century German manuscript (Morgan Library, MS M.711). To learn more about gilding in medieval manuscript production, see the Medieval Manuscript Manual. Metallic leaf was also used in tooling and blocking to decorate leather and vellum book covers (University of London Library). Gilding is also used in Islamic manuscripts (see this Ottoman example, courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum of Art). See also: gilt edges.

GILS

See: Government Information Locator Service.

gilt edges

In deluxe editions, gold leaf is sometimes applied to the head, tail, and/or fore-edge of the sections of a book and burnished to give the volume an especially luxurious appearance. In the book trade, the following abbreviations are used to describe gilt edges:

aeg or ae - all edges gilt

ge - gilt edges

gt - gilt top

teg - top edge gilt

Left unburnished, a gilt edge is antique. Click here to see gilt edges on a 16th-century edition (Bryn Mawr College Library) and here to see edges gilt in stripes on an 18th-century edition (Otto G. Richter Library, University of Miami, Florida). Click here to see gilt edges combined with marbled endleaves and gold-tooled leather doublures for an especially luxurious effect (Princeton University Library). Other examples can be seen in the George Glazer Gallery. To produce art gilt edges, colored ink or dye is applied under the gold leaf, often in a color selected to complement the covering material, to add luster to the finished edge. See also: gauffered edges.

girdle book

A book with an outer wrapper made of cloth or soft, flexible leather extending beyond the edges of the inner cover far enough to be knotted, allowing the volume to hang upside down when the knot was slipped under a belt or girdle tied round the waist. Click here and here to see replicas of medieval girdle bindings (University of Iowa Libraries) and here to see a 15th-century example (Royal Library of Denmark). Geoffrey Glaister writes in Encyclopedia of the Book (Oak Knoll/British Library, 1996) that this form of binding was used by medieval clerics to protect breviaries, especially in Germany. Michelle Brown notes in Understanding Illuminated Manuscripts (Getty Museum/British Library, 1994) that it was also employed by wealthy women for carrying prayer books used in private devotion, sometimes very small volumes in bindings made of precious metals. Synonymous with pouch binding. See also: polaire and vade mecum.

GIS

See: geographic information system.

given name

One or more names chosen for a person, usually by the parents at birth or christening (example: Emily), sometimes the same as that of a living relative or deceased ancestor but distinct from the surname identifying members of the same family (Dickinson). Given names can be compound (Marie-Louise). Compare with first name.

glair

An adhesive preparation made from egg white (albumen in colloidal solution) used in tooling and edge gilding to permanently affix metallic leaf. Glair is usually purchased dry as albumen and mixed with water or vinegar prior to use. It melts with the application of heat and sets up quickly as soon as the hot finishing tool is removed, securing the leaf firmly to the surface. Glair was also used to bind pigments used in medieval manuscript illumination. Also spelled glaire. Synonymous with clarea.

glaire

See: glair.

glassine

A type of thin, dense, translucent glazed paper sometimes used to protect the covers of new books. Also used for panels in window-envelopes and as wrapping material because it is resistant to the passage of air, water, grease, etc.

glass negative

A photographic negative produced on a sheet of clear glass, either by the wet-collodion method, made inside the camera while the glass plate is still damp with a solution of light-sensitive chemicals, or by the dry-plate method in which light-sensitive particles are suspended in a thin layer of dried gelatin covering the surface of the plate. Besides being heavy, glass negatives have the disadvantage of being very fragile. They are subject to breakage and chipping and to flaking of the emulsion layer. Click here to see an example with a fracture in the upper left-hand corner (Library of Congress) and here to see a reticulated example restored by Getty Images. See also this print made directly from a glass negative, courtesy of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Synonymous with glass plate negative.

glass print

See: cliché-verre.

GLBTRT

See: Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgendered Round Table.

glitch

A malfunction in the hardware of a computer system, usually temporary or random, sometimes difficult to distinguish from a bug in the software. In a more general sense, any unanticipated problem that brings a process to a halt. Also spelled glytch.

global change

An operation in an integrated library management system, performed with a few keystrokes, which has a uniform effect on a specified field in every record in the system that contains the field, usually used to add or delete a field, subfield, code, etc., or to substitute one field, code, or element of data for another, for example, in cataloging to change a personal name or corporate name used as a heading to its current form.

global positioning system (GPS)

A worldwide navigational system based on the triangulation of radio signals transmitted by a network of 24 satellites in orbit around the earth, allowing the coordinates of any point on or near the surface of the planet to be determined with a high degree of accuracy at any time and in any weather. GPS receivers have been miniaturized to just a few integrated circuits, making them economical to incorporate into a variety of products. To learn more about GPS, try Peter H. Dana's Global Positioning System Overview or How GPS Receivers Work in HowStuffWorks. For the latest developments in GPS technology, see GPS World or the Yahoo! list of GPS Web sites.

globe

A representation of the surface of the earth, or of another celestial body, on a relatively permanent spherical object, usually a more accurate depiction than a map because it lacks the distortion inherent in any two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional object. A globe gore is a crescent-shaped segment that can be fitted onto the surface of a sphere with minimal deformation. Click here to see a pair of 18th-century globes made by Jean-Antoine Nollet (Getty Museum) and here to view a selection of reproductions of old terrestrial globes and planetary models (George Glazer Gallery). The constellations are represented on the surface of a celestial globe, which, by revolving, simulates the apparent movement of the stars (see this 16th-century example in silver, courtesy of Metropolitan Museum of Art). Click here to explore a pair of interactive 16th-century terrestrial and celestial Mercator globes in the map collection of the Harvard College Library.

Today, globes are made of heavy paper, papier-mâché, cardboard, plastic, metal, or glass, mounted on a full- or half-meridian axel, in a free cradle, or with gyroscopic support. Expensive models may be illuminated and/or animated for special effect. In the United States, the most common sizes are 12 inches and 16 inches in diameter. See the Rand McNally Travel Store for examples of modern globes. In libraries, globes are cataloged as cartographic materials.

gloss

In old manuscripts, an explanation, definition, or interpretation of a word or phrase, sometimes in a more familiar language, written in the margin, above the line of text to which it refers (interlinear), or in a special appendix called a glossary compiled by a glossator, glossographer, or glossarist. Glosses are common in medieval Bibles and legal texts. In a heavily glossed book, text and commentary might be written in parallel columns, with the glosses in a different script or in a smaller version of the script used for the text. Click here to see glosses in a 12th-century copy of the Epistles of St. Paul (Cornell University Library) and here to see a heavily glossed illuminated copy of the decretals of Gregory IX (Schøyen Collection, MS 1978). In some medieval manuscripts, the glosses appear to be glossed, as on this page in a 14th-century Italian legal digest (British Library, Arundel 433). In modern printing, a note in the left- or right-hand margin is called a side note and is usually set in a type size smaller than that of the text to which it refers.

The term can also mean a deliberately misleading interpretation. Also refers to the degree to which paper reflects light, a function of the smoothness of its surface.

glossarial concordance

See: concordance.

glossarial index

An index at the end of a book (or set of books) that includes in each entry a definition or description of the term indexed, as well as the page number(s) referenced.

glossary

An alphabetically arranged list of the specialized vocabulary of a given subject or field of study, with brief definitions, often appearing at the end of a book or at the beginning of a long entry in a technical reference work. Long glossaries may be separately published (example: The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983). Glossaries are also available online (for examples see the British Library's Digital Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts and the searchable glossary from Conservation OnLine). For a searchable directory of online glossaries and topical dictionaries, see Glossarist. Compare with lexicon and vocabulary. See also: gloss.

Also refers to a list of equivalent synonyms in more than one language.

glossed bible

A bible that includes commentary and/or translation, usually written in smaller script or printed in smaller type on the same page as the text. Prior to the 12th century, two types of glossed bibles were used: the Glossa Ordinaria, containing marginal notation throughout, and the Glossa Interlinearis, with notation written over the lines, the work of Anselm of Laon (d. 1117). After the 12th century, copies of the Vulgate usually contained both glosses. From the 14th century on, additional glosses were added at the foot of the page. Early printed bibles sometimes included all the exegetical glosses. Click here to see a 12th-century example from the collections of the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford.

gloss ink

Printing ink that appears shiny even when dry because it contains a higher-than-normal proportion of varnish, used mainly in display work.

glossy

A finish in which the surface of paper or board is given a smooth, shiny coat of varnish to enhance the appearance of visual material (illustrations, posters, etc.). Most magazines are printed on glossy paper to attract readership, as are dust jackets to heighten the sales appeal of new books (see these examples). In publishing, the term also refers to a photograph printed on smooth, shiny paper, the format preferred by printers in reproduction work.

glue

A type of adhesive made from protein derived from the collagen in animal by-products (bone, hooves, hides, etc.) boiled to form a brownish gelatin that can be thinned with water. Most glues are not suitable for use in binding because they become brittle with age. Glue also attracts insects that damage books. Compare with paste.

gluing off

In bookbinding, the application of adhesive to the binding edge of a book after the sections are sewn and before rounding and backing. The adhesive is forced between the sections to help hold them together. In adhesive binding, gluing replaces sewing. Compare with pasting down.

glyph

A visual representation of a textual element (letter, character, ideograph) made by any means: handwritten, inscribed, printed, electronically displayed, etc. In computing, the standard code for a character set does not define the appearance (size, shape, or style) of the individual characters. Image is rendered by the software or hardware using the code. Also used as a shortened form of hieroglyph.

glyphic

In printing, a typeface derived from a carved or chiseled form, rather than from a calligraphic hand.

GMD

See: general material designation.

gnawed

A book that shows signs of having been chewed by an animal on at least one edge or corner, a condition that reduces its value considerably in the used book market and makes it a candidate for weeding in libraries (see this example).

goal

In strategic planning, a general direction or aim that an organization commits itself to attaining in order to further its mission. Goals are usually expressed in abstract terms, with no time limit for realization. The specific means by which they are to be attained is also left open. Compare with objective.

goatskin

Leather made from the skin of a goat, used extensively in hand bookbinding from the mid-16th century on, imported into Europe from Turkey and North Africa via Venice and Spain. The names of the various types often reflect place of origin (levant, niger, etc.). Goatskin has a distinctive furrowed grain and, though spongy to the touch, can dry out and harden with age if not kept polished. Because it takes dye well, goatskin used in binding is often richly colored in red, blue, or green. The most common form of decoration is gold tooling. Older books elegantly bound in fine-quality goatskin, known in the antiquarian book trade as morocco, can be very valuable. Click here to see a late 18th-century binding in red straight-grained morocco (Glasgow University Library, Special Collections, BD1-l.3). To see other examples, try a search on the keyword "goatskin" in the British Library's Database of Bookbindings.

GODORT

See: Government Documents Round Table.

goffered edges

See: gauffered edges.

gold foil

An inexpensive substitute for gold leaf, made by spraying a thin deposit of gold or a look-alike substitute onto an adhesive backing, used extensively to decorate edition bindings and library bindings and also in hand-binding when economy is desired. Synonymous with blocking foil.

gold leaf

Gold beaten by hand or mechanical means into very thin sheets, used in bookbinding to embellish lettering, tooling, and the edges of the sections (silver is used less often for the same purpose). Gold leaf is sold in sheets 3 1/2 inches square, made from an alloy of 23 carat gold and 1 carat silver and copper, beaten to a thinness of 1/200,000 to 1/250,000 of an inch. When rubbed between the fingers, gold leaf disintegrates. When dropped, it floats gently to a surface and can be unruffled like a blanket. Unlike silver, gold never tarnishes.

In medieval manuscripts, gold leaf was used to decorate miniatures, initial letters, and ornamental borders in a process called gilding. Medieval illuminators applied it to layers of gesso to give it a three-dimensional appearance on the page. Gold leaf could be left antique but was usually burnished to a brilliant shine. Goldbeaters used gold coins (florins and ducats) as a convenient source of supply, producing as many as 145 leaves from a single coin. Click here to see gold leaf used to illuminate a small miniature, historiated initial, and foliate border 14th-century Italian missal (Getty Museum, MS 34) and here to see it used as a background in an author portrait of St. Luke (Getty, MS Ludwig II 4). Compare with gold foil.

gone to press

A term used in printing to indicate that the process of preparing the final plates for a work has commenced. Subsequent changes or corrections must be added as errata after printing is completed. In newspaper publishing, the corresponding term is gone to bed.

good

A description of condition used in the book trade to indicate that a copy shows some degree of wear but is structurally sound and of reasonable appearance. Defects are noted by the bookseller. Such a book will not appeal to fastidious collectors, but may prove a bargain for researchers and general readers for whom pristine condition is not essential. Compare with fair and very good.

Google

Founded in 1998 by Stanford Ph.D. students Larry Page and Sergey Brin, Google is the leading commercial Web search engine in the global market place. Known for its clean, simple, user-friendly interface, Google also offers a directory service, an image search feature, the Froogle shopping guide, and other options. In November 2004, the company introduced the beta version of Google Scholar, a search engine for locating scholarly literature (peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, preprints, abstracts, and technical reports) on all subjects available from academic publishers, professional societies, preprint repositories, and academic libraries, as well as scholarly articles available via the Internet. In the January 2005 issue of American Libraries, the American Library Association (ALA) announced the selection of Google as the search engine for the ALA Web site. Click here to connect to the Google homepage. See also: Google Book Search and Google Scholar.

Google Book Search

After raising billions of dollars from an initial public stock offering in the summer of 2004, Google announced plans, in December 2004, to embark on an ambitious project (initially called Google Print for Libraries) to digitally scan millions of books from the collections of five major research libraries over the next decade and make the contents searchable online. The company signed contracts to scan titles owned by the libraries of Harvard and Stanford Universities, the University of Michigan, the University of Oxford, and the New York Public Library. If the project (currently in beta test) is completed, users will have access to the full-text of older titles in the public domain and excerpts from works protected by copyright. However, American Libraries reported in November 2005 that the Authors Guild and the Association of American Publishers (AAP) are suing Google over its digital library program, alleging copyright infringement. The AAP seeks to ban the company from scanning books protected by copyright without first obtaining the permission of the copyright holder. Google insists that the project falls under the fair use provisions of U.S. copyright law and has renamed the project in an attempt to clarify its mission. To learn more about Google Book Search, see the March/April 2006 issue of ONLINE magazine. Click here to connect to Google Book Search. See also: Open Content Alliance.

Google Print for Libraries

See: Google Book Search.

Google Scholar

A free service launched by Google in November 2004 that allows users to search the Internet for scholarly literature across many disciplines using the company's proprietary search software. According to Google, search results are ranked by relevance using an algorithm that examines the full-text of the work, its author(s), the publication in which the article appeared, and how many times the work has been cited in other scholarly literature. Currently in beta test, Google Scholar provides access to abstracts, peer-reviewed papers, periodical articles, theses, and books from academic publishers, professional societies, preprint repositories, university intranets, and other scholarly organizations. For libraries with holdings listed in the OCLC WorldCat database, Google Scholar provides a link for each book retrieved to the corresponding bibliographic record in WorldCat. Libraries that use a link resolver have the option of including links to their full-text resources in Google Scholar search results. In March 2006, College & Research Libraries reported that by the summer of 2005, 24% of the 113 university members of the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) had added Google Scholar to the alphabetical list of indexes and databases on their library Web site. For a review of Google Scholar as a research tool, see "Studying Google Scholar: Wall to Wall Coverage?" by Joann M. Wleklinski in the May/June 2005 issue of ONLINE. Click here to connect to the Google Scholar homepage.

Gopher

Before the World Wide Web was developed, files and resources available on the Internet were accessed by means of a hierarchical menu system installed on a Gopher server (named after the mascot of the University of Minnesota where the software was developed). Although they have fallen into disuse since the introduction of graphical Web browsers, Gopher servers have two advantages over Web search engines: they list Internet resources of all types (FTP files, Usenet newsgroups, etc.), not just Web sites, and they present resources in a logical hierarchy of directories created by a human being, rather than relying on an automated Web crawler ("spider") to locate information. The tools developed for searching Gopher file directories are named Veronica and Jughead. Gopher addresses begin with gopher://.

Gospel book

The text of the canonical Gospels, accounts of the life of Christ attributed to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, reproduced separately from the rest of the Bible, often preceded by introductory texts such as the Prefaces of St. Jerome, Eusebius' canon tables, and chapter lists, called capitula. From the 7th to the 12th century, the most important and beautifully illuminated manuscripts produced in western Europe were the large Gospel books used in Church services, in which each of the four Gospels often began with an author portrait and a lavishly decorated incipit page. Click here to view pages from the 7th-century Lindisfarne Gospels or page through the 12th-century Helmarshausen Gospel Book (Getty Museum, MS Ludwig II 3). Medieval Gospel books were often encased in treasure bindings (see this example). See also: Book of Kells and evangelary.

Gothic

Coined by the 16th-century art critic Giorgio Vasari to describe Western Europe art produced prior to the beginning of the Renaissance, which he regarded as inferior, the term is applied by contemporary art historians to the period from the late 12th to the early 14th century, and for some regions to the late 16th century, depending on the speed with which Renaissance style was adopted. In the early Gothic period, manuscript production was dominated by lavishly decorated psalters from workshops all over Europe (click here to browse an example by Matthew Paris, courtesy of the British Library). The commercial book trade became well-established by the mid-13th century at urban centers such as Paris and Oxford, where universities flourished, bringing to an end the monastic monopoly of book production. There was also a steady increase in use of the vernacular in literary composition. In the later Gothic period, the English and French styles of book decoration became increasingly interdependent and the Book of Hours was adopted as a fashionable personal accessory, particularly in France and Flanders. Michelle Brown notes in Understanding Illuminated Manuscripts (Getty Museum/British Library, 1994) that Gothic style was characterized by 1) an affinity for the courtly and the grotesque; 2) an interest in naturalistic depiction of the human figure; 3) increased attention to the decoration of initials, frames, and borders; and 4) greater reliance on gilding. Click here to browse the Epistolary of Saint Chapelle, produced at Paris c. 1340-1350 (British Library, Yates Thompson 34).

gothic

A bold, dark, angular script executed with a broad-nibed pen. Developed in northern Europe during the 12th and 13th centuries, gothic was widely used as a book hand during the late Middle Ages and adapted as a typeface in early printed books, particularly Bibles and other liturgical and devotional works. It is characterized by compression, lack of curves, contrast between broad main strokes and fine hair strokes, regular verticals, uniform counters, diagonal couplings, and extensive use of abbreviation. Emphasis is on the uniformity of the word, rather than the distinctiveness of individual letterforms.

Click here to see an example of 13th-century gothic minuscule (Cornell University Library) and here to see gothic script in its fully developed form (textura) in a 15th-century German psalter (Cary Collection, Rochester Institute of Technology ). Click here to see a 15th-century example of cursive gothic script (Van Pelt Library, Univ. of Pennsylvania). Also refers to any modern typeface resembling gothic script. The first book printed in Europe from movable type, the Gutenberg Bible, was set in gothic type. Synonymous with black letter and lettre de forme. Compare with roman and white letter. See also: bastarda and rotunda.

gothic novel

Originally, a type of novel in which a medieval castle formed the setting for a plot with chillingly sinister overtones, intended to evoke irrational fear in the heart of the reader. Horace Walpole's Castle of Otranto, A Gothic Story (1764) established the genre. In modern usage, a subgenre of romance fiction, popular during the 18th and early 19th centuries, in which the setting is dark and gloomy, the action grotesque or violent, the characters strange or malevolent, the plot mysterious, and the mood often one of decadence or degeneration (example: Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë). To learn more about gothic fiction, see the Gothic Literature Page or try The Literary Gothic. Synonymous with roman noir. See also: mystery.

gouge

A visible nick or hole made accidentally in the cover or spine of a book. Also refers to a finishing tool used in bookbinding to make curved lines on a book cover.

govdocs

See: government documents.

governance

The arrangements by which the faculty and administration of an academic institution control and direct institutional affairs, usually through bylaws, elective offices, committees, etc. In academic libraries, participation in governance may be a factor in tenure and promotion decisions affecting librarians who have faculty status. Also refers to the local arrangements for oversight of the operations of a public library or library system, often by an elected or appointed board of trustees.

government agency

A unit of government authorized by law or regulation to perform a specific function, for example, the U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO) authorized to collect, publish, and distribute government documents to the American public. Each agency of the U.S. federal government normally maintains its own records, which may or may not be publicly accessible, depending on whether its activities are exempted from public disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA).

government archives

A government agency authorized by legislation to provide centralized archival services for all, or a portion of, the agencies or units that administer a country's government (legislative, executive, and judicial). For the federal government of the United States, that agency is the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). Each of the 50 U.S. state governments maintains its own state archives, sometimes as a unit of the state library.

government documents

Publications of the U.S. federal government, including transcripts of hearings and the text of bills, resolutions, statutes, reports, charters, treaties, periodicals (example: Monthly Labor Review), statistics (U.S. Census), etc. In libraries, federal documents are usually shelved in a separate section by SuDocs number. The category also includes publications of other governmental bodies (state, local, territorial, foreign). Abbreviated govdocs. See also: depository library, fugitive document, Government Documents Round Table, and GPO.

Government Documents Round Table (GODORT)

A permanent round table within the American Library Association (ALA), GODORT has a membership of government documents librarians and others who have an interest in government documents collections and librarianship. GODORT publishes the quarterly journal DttP: Documents to the People. Click here to connect to the GODORT homepage.

Government Information Locator Service (GILS)

A decentralized collection of agency-based information locators that uses network technology and international metadata standards based on ANSI Z39.50 to direct users to publicly accessible information resources available from the U.S. federal government. The core data elements of the GILS system are: title, control identifier, abstract, purpose, originator, use constraints, availability, point of contact for further information, record source, and date last modified. The system also includes optional core elements.

The records of over 30 federal agencies have been mounted on the Government Information Locator Service Web site maintained by GPO Access, which also provides pointers to GILS sites maintained by other federal departments and agencies. The National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII) is an example of an online government information service based on the GILS standard. Some state governments have established Internet sites based on the GILS model, enabling users to discover, identify, locate, and access publicly available state government information.

In 1995, the G7 (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, and United States) commissioned several pilot projects to demonstrate the potential of a global information infrastructure. One of these, the Environment and Natural Resources Management Project, was an attempt to use the GILS format to establish an international distributed database of information about the earth, a first step toward a Global Information Locator Service.

government library

In the United States, a library maintained by a unit of government at the local, state, or federal level, containing collections primarily for the use of its staff. Some government libraries have a wider mandate that includes accessibility to the general public (example: Smithsonian Institution Libraries). Government librarians are organized in the Government Documents Round Table (GODORT) of the American Library Association (ALA). See also: federal library, military library, national library, and state library.

government publication

Under Title 44, Section 1901 of the United States Code, a government publication is defined as "information matter" published as a separate document at government expense or as required by law. Section 1902 states that government publications, except those "required for official use only or for strictly administrative or operational purposes which have no public interest or educational value and publications classified for reasons of national security," are to be made publicly available to depository libraries by the Superintendent of Documents. The term is also used in a broader sense to include documents published by local, state, territorial, and foreign governments. See also: Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications.

GPO

The U.S. Government Printing Office, the government agency responsible for collecting, publishing, and distributing federal government information. The GPO publishes a printed index to government documents under the title Monthly Catalog of U.S. Government Publications. Its online equivalent is GPO Access, funded by the Federal Depository Library Program. The British counterpart is Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Click here to learn more about the GPO. See also: GPO bookstore.

GPO Access

A service of the U.S. Government Printing Office that provides free electronic access to over 1,500 databases containing information from the three branches of the federal government, including the Federal Register, Code of Federal Regulations, and Congressional Record. Funded by the Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP) under the Government Printing Electronic Information Enhancement Act of 1993, GPO Access also provides an online federal depository library locator service. Click here to connect to the GPO Access homepage.

GPO bookstore

As of September 1, 2003, the U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO) closed all its regional bookstores, except the main outlet in Washington, D.C. The closures were the result of an overall decline in sales due to increasing access to government information via the Internet and the shift from walk-in traffic at bookstores to purchases from the U.S. Government Bookstore.

GPS

See: global positioning system.

grace period

A designated period of time following the d